Calvetta Essay Example for Free

Calvetta Essay 4. How, if at all, should Calveta’s organization structure and practices be changed to accommodate growth and effective communication, while maintaining the company’s culture? This is a very sticky issue. Growth, along with other factors, seems to have diminishing effects on company culture, popularly referred to as â€Å"Antonio’s way†. Two forms of growth present themselves to the company. They can either expand into the hospital segment (which falls in line with core competencies); or they could buy up GSD consequently growing their SLF customer base. Given the issues listed, I don’t believe purchasing GSD would be profitable, as debt financing would have to be undertaken thus, going against Antonio’s way. However, Frank believes they must grow in order to stay competitive within the industry so the former opportunity should be undertaken. The turnover, and promotion rate for Calveta is too rapid. It’s one of the major issues dissatisfied customers had with the SLF. Frank should consider slowing this down, and perhaps placing new staff members in proper training programs administered by current staff to ensure smooth staff changes. Whilst flexibility and ease of advancement may make the employees happier, the customers will suffer from the constant interrupted changes. Calveta should maintain a degree of normalcy in the workplace, and make it harder to advance (could have positive affects on employees motivation). Another structural issue is the current staff organization. If Frank is worried about the loss of emphasis on his father’s ideals he must communicate this effectively with the staff. Discussion groups, incentive packages, and achievable goals should be established for all staff members, especially new ones, so that company culture is maintained and reinforced. If Calveta are to grow, they will need a larger amount of regional employees. This will most likely lead to the hiring of persons outside of the company. Calveta need not hire them right out of college though. They may obtain them from similar companies with similar values and ideals. As GSD is about to be taken over, perhaps the better staff members may wish to come to Calveta  instead of staying on with a new owner. To ensure continuation of company culture pointed questions in the interview and recruitment process pertaining to it should be asked. Similarly, constant feedback for current employees would reinforce challenge 4, of Antonio’s way.

Theodore Roosevelt Essay example -- Biography Biographies Bio

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theodore Roosevelt was a man on a mission. Maybe he didn ¹t know it, but he was. He affected millions of people throughout his life in many different ways. He was the leader of a famous military group, he was an author, a lawyer, and he was also the 26th president of the united states, all of these things ended up bringing him fame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was born in New York City on October 27, 1858 into a rich Dutch family. He was always a cowboy at heart. Even though he was born in a big city his cowboy side and his passion for adventure would come up later in his life. His father taught him to go for his goals, to follow a strict Christian moral code, and to enjoy the life of the mind. His father taught him that the mind was the strongest tool he had. He probably preached this because his son had serious asthma, and a grail un- athletic body. Ted listened to his father and that led to many accomplishments in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He did all the normal things that a young man from a wealthy family was supposed to do. He worked hard on his academics, he got good grades, went to Harvard, and graduated with a great education in 1880. In that same year he married Alice h lee, a girl he met at Harvard. He still wasn ¹t sure of what career he wanted. He ended up serving three one year terms in the new York assembly from 1882-1884. While serving there he became known as an independent republican. Then, in 1884 his mother and his wife died on the same day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was completely broken-hearted, and he had no idea where he wanted to go from there. after a couple of months of mourning, he decided that he would head west, and he would finally fulfill his childhood dream of being a cowboy. He decided that he would move to the Dakotas where he became a rancher with all of the rough experienced cowboys of the west. Even though he was this scrawny awkward outcast that wore glasses; something most of the people in the Dakotas never even saw; he was still able to get the respect of the rough and tough cowboys. He did it by tracking three rustlers, and bringing them back for a trial by himself. Even though he loved being a wild cowboy out on a ranch he realized he had a real life back in New York. He would have loved to live in the west for the rest of his life , but after only two years in the Dakotas he went back to New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of months after he return... ... Republican presidential nomination but he didn ¹t. Three years later on January 6, 1919 he died from an illness at his oyster bay home in Sagamore hill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theodore Roosevelt did everything that he wanted to do in life. He was one of the major influences in U.S. Society. He was an author, a cowboy, a very well respected military leader, and he was the president of the United States. He knew how to lead and gain the respect of people. Whether it be by capturing rustlers singlehandedly, or by making a promise to his political party to stick to the old ways., he could always get the respect of the people he wanted to get respect from. Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - tnt.turner.com/movies/tntoriginals/roughriders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - www.letsfindout.com/subjects/america   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Morris, Edmund The Rise Of Theodore Roosevelt . New York City, NY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First Ballantine Books Edition, April 1980,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Roosevelt, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt ¹s Letters to His Children New York   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charles Scribner ¹s Sons, 1923,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Release 6 Computer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   software CD-ROM Online Computer Systems Inc. 1993

Face It: the Impact of Gender on Social Media Images Essay

Social websites like Facebook enable users to upload self-created digital images; it is therefore of interest to see how gender is performed in this domain. A panel used a literature review of pictorial features associated with gender traits, and a sample of Facebook pictures to assess gender stereotypes present in Facebook images. Traits emerging in greater prominence in pictures of males included active, dominant, and independent. Those prominent with female users included attractive and dependent. These findings generally conform to gender stereotypes found in prior research and extend the research regarding stereotypical gender traits displayed in professional media depictions to self-selected social media displays. They also extend the research on gender differences in impression management generally, in both interpersonal communication and social media, to include gender-specific traits that are part of young mens and women’s impression management. Keywords: Facebook; Ge nder Display; Impression Management; Role Theory; Social Media Jessica Rose (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater Philadelphia Area. Susan Mackey-Kallis (Ph.D., Penn State University, 1986) is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at Villanova University. Len Shyles (Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1981) is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at Villanova University. Kelly Barry (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater New York area. Danielle Biagini (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater San Diego area. Colleen Hart (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a student at the University of North Carolina School of Law. Lauren Jack (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater New York area. The authors would like to thank Dr. Jesse Frey of the Mathematics Department of Villanova University f or his help in creating the tables presented in this article. Correspondence: Susan Mackey-Kallis, Department of Communication, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085; E-mail: susan.mackey-kallis@villanova.edu ISSN 0146-3373 print/1746-4102 online # 2012 Eastern Communication Association DOI: 10.1080/01463373.2012.725005 The centrality of gender embodiment has animated recent debates in media studies about the relationship among gender representations in media, gendered bodies in virtual space, and gender as performance. With the emergence of social media websites, such as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace, users have an online platform that allows them to communicate widely, to virtually manage others’ impressions of them, and to even express gendered identities in cyberspace. With over 500 million active users as of 2011 (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics), Facebook dominates the social media market. Offering a highly interactive platform, Facebook users can leave comments on their friends’ walls, provide status updates and photos, and can even access one another wirelessly through Facebook Mobile. As of 2010, users spent over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/ press/info.php?statistics), often updating their Facebook profiles to add relat ionships to their friends lists. One well-known feature of Facebook is the user’s profile picture, displayed in the upper left-hand corner of each user’s homepage. Intended to be the first thing seen, it is arguably one of the most important features of the user’s Facebook page. The profile picture offers friends, acquaintances and even potential employers a firstimpression of the user’s appearance and, perhaps, their character. Therefore, the content of users’ Facebook profile pictures is an important object of study for researchers interested in how people practice impression management. According to role theory, people follow unwritten social and cultural rules and norms as they behave ‘‘in ways that are different and predictable depending on their respective social identities and the situations they find themselves in’’ (Biddle, 1986, p. 68). Gender identity and gender roles are a significant part of everyday life and, according to Goffman, are actually constituted through social interaction (1976). Gender shapes how people make sense of themselves and their social relationships. However, as Wood notes, ‘‘What gender means depends heavily on cultural values and practices; a culture’s definitions of masculinity and femininity shape expectations about how individual men and women should communicate; and how individuals communicate establishes gender that, in turn, influences cultural views’’ (Wood, 2009, p. 20). Gender display, as a continuous communication loop, is defined by society and expressed by individuals as they interact while shaping evolving societal expectations regarding gender. In contemporary media and culture, women’s and men’s social desirability and gender have often been defined in terms of their bodies. For women, this has often involved comparing themselves to and even replicating the ‘‘thin ideal’’ (presented in modern mass media despite the looming specter of anorexia and bulimia), altering their bodies to heighten perceived sexuality or youthfulness (through cosmetic surgery, exercise or eating), or conforming to traditional definitions of femininity including qualities such as submissiveness or sentimentality (through dress, cosmetics, style, etc.). For men, gender-based definitions of success frequently revolve around presenting or developing their bodies as strong, youthful, active, and physically dominant. The evolution of social media (such as Facebook) and online digital gaming environments (such as massive, multiple online games [MMOs]) now offer venues where individuals can consciously self-select an d present virtual versions of themselves that can either conform with, challenge, or defy societal expectations and media presentations. Digital formats, on the one hand, represent exciting possibilities for individuals who can explore the freedom of presenting a physical self that might differ from the one they present or perform in everyday life or from socially-defined expectations. As Rettberg argues, ‘‘our fascination with creating digital self-portraits is indicative of our collective coming of age where we as a culture are discovering that we have voices online and can express ourselves rather than simply accepting the mass media’s views of the world’’ (2009, p. 453). On the other hand, digital formats may simply offer a chance to replicate cultural and mass media normative versions of the individual, specifically as they relate to gender. Since how people present and perform their bodies in virtual spaces offer specific impressions, many of which relate to gender, one objective of the current study is to examine how gender portrayals manifest themselves in self-selected social media displays. Specifically, can social media website content help us understand more about gender roles and the way people present themselves in the virtual social world? Do the ways they manage their images reinforce existing gendered stereotypes? Because social networks such as Facebook are relatively recent phenomena, the content of self-presentation profile pictures has not been analyzed in great depth. Extant literature supports the idea of expected gender roles unique to males and females (Goffman, 1976; Lauzen, Dozier, & Horan, 2008; Wanta & Legett, 1989; Williams & Best, 1990) and the idea that society advocates these roles through various media (Bell & Milic, 2002; Hancock & Toma, 2009), with both males and females engaging in impression management in order to control their public image (Dominick, 1999; Jones, 1997; Leary, 1996). Witmer and Katzman (1997) argued that females may display more emotional graphics than males while communicating on the Internet. Extant literature, however, only reveals one study that has examined gender differences in self-selected portraits in self-posed photographs (Mills, 1984) and one study that has examined gender differences in Facebook profile pictures (Strano, 2008). Strano’s study, focusing exclusively on gender difference in impression management, found that women engage in management more than men (Strano, 2008). In a related area of literature, self-presentation in computer-mediated communication (CMC), some studies suggest a great deal of ‘‘gender-swapping’’ on the Internet (Bruckman, 1993; Roberts & Parks, 1999; Witmer & Katzman, 1997) with some estimates as high as 60% (Roberts & Parks, 1999), and with males ‘‘gender-swapping’’ more than females (Bruckman, 1993; Suler, 1999). The fantastical and fantasy-based nature of many gaming environments, however, and the anonymous nature of most CMC in general might suggest that the freedom to reinvent oneself not only in terms of gender but also race, ethnicity, and other variables is much broader than in Facebook profile pictures. Facebook friends, who may know the person in real life, recognize a photograph as a self-selected presentation but, researchers argue, most likely do not assume that the profile picture reflects extensive alteration or photo retouching. The current study, therefore, makes a unique contribution by investigating whether self-selected Facebook profile pictures exhibit stereotypical gender roles consistent with traits emerging from existing research. Literature Review Gender Roles Some researchers suggest that gender differences result from a variety of factors including socialization and biology; as such, gender roles are often manifested through communication and culture (Goffman, 1976; Lauzen et al., 2008; Wanta & Legett, 1989; Williams & Best, 1990; Wood, 2009). West and Zimmerman (1987) claim gendering is a routine interaction of everyday life. ‘‘Both gender role and gender display focus on behavioral aspects of being a man and a woman’’ (p. 127). They use Goffman’s (1976) account of ‘‘gender display’’ to suggest gender is also constituted through interaction. Says Goffman, ‘‘If gender [can] be defined as the culturally established correlates of sex (whether in consequence of biology or learning), then gender display refers to conventionalized portrayals of these correlates’’ (1976, p. 69). Goffman cites sports as a framework to explain masc uline tendencies, asserting that the male gender is categorically viewed as aggressive, strong, and competitive. In agreement, West and Zimmerman (1987) assert that ‘‘Doing gender is unavoidable . . . because of the social consequences of sex-category membership: [this includes] the allocation of power and resources not only in the domestic, economic, and political domains but also in the broad arena of interpersonal relations’’ (p. 145). As men and women tend to assume ‘‘proper’’ societal gender roles, associated behaviors are viewed as cultural markers that indicate norms of social interaction. Williams and Best (1990) searched for gender stereotypes among respondents from 25 nations worldwide. Participants were presented with a list of 300 character traits and instructed to indicate whether the trait was ‘‘more frequently associated with men than with women,’’ ‘‘more frequently associated with women than with men,’’ or ‘‘not differentially associated with the two sexes.’’ Table 1 presents results for the traits most commonly associated with men and women and indicates the traits isolated for this analysis. Gender Roles in the Media Society often promotes gender role markers as social norms through photographs and other visual displays used in advertising. Wanta and Legett (1989) studied the media images of male a nd female athletes of the 1987 Wimbledon Tennis Tournament, concluding that men and women were depicted differently in terms of emotion, dominance, and power. Goffman (1976) accounts for these traits in his research of magazine and newspaper photography, finding women to be pictured in more submissive positions while men are depicted in more elevated positions. Based on Goffman’s inquiries, Wanta and Legett (1989) hypothesized that female tennis players would be shown more often in positions implying helplessness than male tennis players. Goffman’s (1976) studies of power within photographs asserted that the more dominant a person’s face was (i.e., the more full-front, direct-to-camera orientation of the face, and the greater the percentage of photo space taken up by the face), the more power was held and=or portrayed by the person pictured. Wanta and Legett used these ideas to predict that the photographs of female tennis players would focus more on the players’ bodies, while male tennis players would have more concentrated images of their faces. However, the majority of Wanta and Legett’s (1989) hypothe ses remained unsubstantiated; their gender stereotypes were not confirmed. In fact, opposite portrayals often emerged. They concluded that the photographer was trying to break gender stereotypes. In contrast to the work of Wanta and Legett, the research conducted in the current study does not rely on images shot by professional photographers. Rather, the present analysis is based on self-selected and, almost exclusively, self-created Facebook profile pictures. Gender roles, present in everyday interaction, are also enacted on television. Lauzen and colleagues (2008) examined gender roles enacted by men and women on television. Using a stratified random sample of 124 prime-time television series airing on six broadcast networks during the 2005–06 seasons, they looked at the rates at which men and women fell into categorically different social roles. Taking a category scheme developed by earlier research, Lauzen and colleagues defined social roles as the things ‘‘people do in daily life’’ (see Eagly & Steffan, 1984, p. 735). These roles vary from childcare and household chores to workplace activities. Through a content analysis, they found male characters on prime-time television were more likely to inhabit work roles, including blue collar, white collar, and extracurricular activities, while women were portrayed in more interpersonal roles involving romance, friendship, and family. Similarly, in their content analysis of 827 Australian magazine advertisements from 1997–98 to determine the presence of stereotypical gender roles, Bell and Milic (2002) concluded that ‘‘Males were more frequently shown in ‘narrative’ ways (as actors) than females, and this is true of both groups and individuals. Women were more likely than men to ‘behave’ (or to express emotion)’’ (p. 215). Their findings suggest stereotypical gender traits of men and women consistent with those of Williams and Best (1990) and consistent with Goffman’s (1976) analysis of advertising which found that women were ‘‘more likely to be portrayed performing submissive or appeasing gestures such as head or body canting, bending one knee inward (‘bashful knee-bend’), smiling, clowning, and acting less seriously’’ and were ‘‘often portrayed as being under the physical care and protection of a man’’ (as cited in Bell and Milic, 2002, p. 205). Ragan (1982) analyzed gender differences in 1,296 portrait photos from high school and university yearbooks, concluding there are gender differences; females smiled more than males, smiled more expansively than males, tilted their heads at greater angles than males, faced the camera less directly than males, and wore glasses less frequently than males. While this research identifies gender differences, it was limited by an influential factor: Photographers posed the subjects (Ragan, 1982). In hopes of accounting for this limitation, Mills (1984) conducted a study in which 34 men and 34 women were asked to present themselves as typical college students in pictures. Mills’ findings reinforced the suggestion that females smile more, and smile more expansively, than males. Gender stereotypes also abound in video games. Female characters are represented as highly sexualized while male characters possess exaggerated strength, are hypermasculine, aggressive, and, with the exception of showing hostility, lack emotion. They are also less likely to display helping or nurturing qualities (Robinson, Callister, Clark, & Phillips, 2008). One study found that the central role for male characters was ‘‘competitor’’ while females’ central roles were ‘‘victim,’’ ‘‘damsel in distress,’’ or ‘‘evil obstacle’’ for the hero to overcome (Heintz-Knowles et al., 2001). The findings of these video game content analyses have remained fairly consistent over time and have also been shown to be perceived by audiences (Robinson et al., 2008). Based on the work from several decades of research on gender roles from the fields of advertising, television, photography, digital gaming studies, and cultural studies, it is apparent that masculinity often implies strength, ambition, and independence, whereas femininity implies physical attractiveness, reverence, and sentimentality (Wood, 2009). The rapid growth of digital media invites researchers interested in the cultural impact of gender to investigate this alternative outlet for self-presentation. This study provides a natural extension of such work in investigation of gender differences in self-selected Facebook profile pictures. Self-Presentation Goffman (1959) argued that individuals were concerned with self-presentation during all social encounters. This is because, among other reasons, impressions impact the opinions of others regardless of an individual’s intentions. Burr (2002) claims J. Rose et al. The other people making up our audience can, by their own conduct, either legitimate or reject our claim to be a certain kind of person, and Goffman (1959) argues that this is done by carefully monitoring the match or mismatch between what we ‘give’ (the things we say or do to create an impression) and what we ‘give off’ (the body language, our general demeanor—the communicative aspects of our conduct that are harder for us to control and manipulate). The creation and maintenance of impressions is therefore a two-way street (2002, p. 73). Hence, for Goffman (1959), the ‘‘presentation of self in everyday life’’ and the roles maintained are pertinent to everyday interaction. People constantly play characters to avoid embarrassment and to ‘‘fit-in’’ with social norms. Gender role, then, focuses on the collectivity of logical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to social situations (Burr, 2002). Most self-presentation studies have examined the concept only in face-to-face communication (Goffman, 1959; Leary 1996). Recent studies (Oh, 2004; Cho, 2006) about self-presentation in personal websites analyze only the styles and not gender display specifically. Similar to face-to-face contexts, individuals do make choices about gender-related impressions over the Internet. A number of studies, for example, have demonstrated extensive ‘‘gender-swapping’’ in ‘‘avatar’’ creation for online gaming and in text-based CMC (Bruckman, 1993; Roberts & Parks, 1999; Suler, 1999). In these virtual environments, physical identity markers are not apparent and, as a result, the self is more fluid and changeable (Gergen, 1991) and offers increased opportunities for strategic self-presentation (Walther, 1993; Walther, Anderson, & Park, 1994). Gender is often one of the variables that communicators can consciously shape in these mediated environments (Roberts & Parks, 1999; Bruckman, 1993; Wilbur, 1996). Some researchers have gone so far as to argue that the computer-mediated environment is a gender-bending world (Witmer & Katzman, 1997). Modern gaming environments, in particular, allow gamers to design or choose ‘‘avatars,’’ their virtual self in the gaming world, that possess a variety of differing characteristics such as height, weight, age, gender, dress, and profession. In these environments, the avatar becomes ‘‘inextricably linked to their performance of self and engagement in [a virtual] community’’ (Taylor , 1999, p. 438). Despite the above cited studies of ‘‘gender-swapping’’ and self-presentation in CMC, no researchers have examined the extent to which social media users ascribe to gender stereotypes in their presentation of self on the Internet. Samp, Wittenberg, and Gillett (2003) examined the extent to which ‘‘gender schematic’’ individuals (individuals with either strong masculine or feminine gender orientations versus androgynous orientations) and individuals who were high (versus low) self-monitoring engaged in gender-swapping on the Internet. The researchers in this study used self-report data from Internet users about their online gender-swapping behavior generally. The researchers in the current study, by contrast, provide a content analysis of actual Facebook profile pictures in terms of the presence or absence of gender stereotypes and do not focus on gender swapping. Hancock and Toma’s 2009 study of profile pictures on online dating websites created and posted with the intention of creating relationships comes closest to the focus of the current study. In line with Goffman’s (1959) suggestion that self-presentation is the process of packaging and editing the self in order to create a certain impression for an audience, Hancock and Toma (2009) examined the impact of gender on self-presentation and social desirability. They found that both women and men ‘‘edit’’ their profiles to create a better self-presentation through self-enhancement (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Some participate in ‘‘selective self-presentation,’’ an even more controlled act of impression management in which imag es are changed or distorted, often leading to further inaccuracy portrayed by the profile (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Having the ability to ‘‘select’’ or specifically change or display particular points of interest, the users can greatly affect the impression made of them (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Both men and women on the online dating social network use ‘‘selective self-presentation’’ to their advantage to give the impression of being more desirable to their audiences. Hancock and Toma (2009) suggest men and women can control their self-presentation through social networks (i.e., online dating sites). Such sites comprise one segment of social networks; Facebook is another. Realizing stereotypical gender roles are present in society, Dominick (1999) studied how men and women presented themselves on personal homepages. Dominick (1999) coded 500 randomly sampled personal homepages based on demographic and personal information, creative expressions, and photographs. He used Jones’ (1997) five strategies of image construction: ingratiation (state ments of modesty, familiarity, and humor); competence (statements of abilities and achievements); intimidation (statements of anger and unpleasantness); exemplification (acts of moral superiority); and supplication (images of helplessness, while acting self-deprecating; Dominick, 1999). He concluded that females released more information than males while both males and females were equally likely to have photographs on their pages. Women’s photographs tended to be more sentimental in nature, while men’s more often were ‘‘joke images’’ and images that made them seem more competent and capable. He concluded that ‘‘A personal web page can be viewed as a carefully constructed selfpresentation’’ (Dominick, 1999, p. 647). Dominick asserted that the concept of impression construction exposes the different strategies men and women use to present themselves through images and information to gain a higher level of likeability, respect, and power in society (1999). Jones (1997) noted that individuals strive to be liked and accepted, resulting in social rewards such as friendship, social support, companionship, romance, and social status. Because smiling is associated with being liked and competent, Jones (1997) correlates gestures with the ingratiation and competence strategies of image construction. As Facebook was not founded until 2004, Dominick’s (1999) study is expanded upon in this study (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet). Buffardi and Campbell (2008) studied whether photographs from a variety of social networks are self-promoting. They state, ‘‘Self-promoting connoted persuading others about one’s own positive traits’’ (p. 1307) and define physical attractiveness as the degree to which an individual appears self-promoting and vain in a photograph. While not examining gender differences in self-promotion per se, the researchers did examine ‘‘how sexy and modest . . . the individual in the main photo appeared to be’’ (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008, p. 1307).

The Decline of Japans Birth Rate - 872 Words

Japan needs to have more babies. The population of Japan is declining, and the birth rate is a base problem. People just aren’t having enough babies anymore. This will be problematic, as Tomm says â€Å"The consequences have had negative effects as fertility rate continues to decline and life expectancy continues to increase†. After the birth rate has been declining for the past four decades, the old far outnumber the young at a ratio of nearly 2:1(â€Å"Japan Age structure†). There aren’t enough workers to pay into social security. Social problems like traditional gender roles and stereotypes negatively impact the growth of the population. Because of their work-centric lifestyles, social problems, and child related expenses, Japan’s birth rate is†¦show more content†¦Work life is also related to another of Japan’s problems, low marriage rates. The amount of unmarried women in Japan has risen from 20.9% to 54% in 2000 (Huen 5). Th is lack of marriage is one of the contributors long-term issues with the Japanese workforce. This could lead to Japan not gaining any new, young workers. Once the aging workforce is too old to perform the demanding tasks that are required in the world of business, they will have no one to replace them without taking drastic measures. Soon they will have to rely on immigration, something the Japanese people have historically been against, to fill this gap. These motivations to keep working over having a family is one of the problems leading to the decline of Japan’s birthrate. These lifestyles led by the people of Japan help give way to another problem that is affecting Japan’s birthrate in a negative way. These are the social problems that the country is currently facing. One of the biggest problems is the definition of gender roles and peoples expectations of those of either sex. In an average Japanese household, the husband works most of the time, often returning home late at night or right before a family meal such as dinner. Meanwhile, the wife of the family is usually expected to stay at home and raise the kids. This means that many women ages 20-30 stop working for a period of time then rejoin the workforce. However, as the prominent seniorityShow MoreRelatedHow Japans Decline in Birth Rate Will Effect the Country Essay593 Words   |  3 Pages With the country’s current birth rate, Japan’s population of 127.5 million is expected to decrease by 25% within 35 years. The slowly shrinking country is also met with the problem that its population is also the oldest in the world, with over 25% of residents over the age of 65. These two facts combine to make a very unique and awkward situation in Japan in which no other country has ever been in before. Many changes are expected to occur in Japan, and efforts are being made to maintain the country’sRead MoreIn Order For A Population To Remain Stable, A Country’S1213 Words   |  5 PagesIn order for a population to remain stable, a country’s fertility rate should remain at 2.1 births per woman, but according to The World Bank, in Japan the average rate is 1.41 births per woman leading to a drastic decline in Japan’s population size. The decrease in childbirth can be largely attributed to the strict work ethic Japanese citizens adhere to. A direct effect of Japan’s intensive work force are a large number of individuals without partners known as â€Å"parasite singles.† These â€Å"parasiteRead MoreDifferences Between C ountries And Developing Countries1215 Words   |  5 Pagesof 126,919,659 (July 2015). It has a land area of about 140,728 square miles and a total area of about 145,913 square miles. It’s area can compare to about the size of California(as seen in the picture to the right). Japan’s terrain is mostly mountainous and rugged. Some of Japan’s major cities are Tokyo, which is the capital and Yokohama. The prime minister of Japan is ShinzÃ…  Abe. Japan has a large population for such a small country, but it is always changing and we never really know which wayRead MoreEssay about Japanese Malaise793 Words   |  4 PagesTHE IMPACT OF SUPPLY-SIDE FACTORS ON JAPANESE ECONOMIC STAGNATION Japan’s ongoing economic stagnation for decades has provoked wider debate in the US. Along with the raise in unemployment rate and weak industrial production relative to other major industrial countries, the economic malaise in Japan was described as a lost decade. Studies have shown that Japanese economy suffers of severe problems that are not only cyclical but also structural in natureRead MoreImpact Of Economic Growth On The Economy Of Japan1372 Words   |  6 Pages The economy of Japan over the last few decades has had a series of highs and lows. Japan’s post-war growth, due mostly to extremely successful car and consumer electronics industries, was pretty much over by the 1990s. This, combined with the post-war Japanese baby boom and later on drop in fertility rates has led to a significant macroeconomic impacts. Demographic changes have heavily influenced savings, investment, and inward streaming revenue. Policymakers created key errors while strugglingRead MoreJap The Beautiful Landscape, Tradition, And Economy1201 Words   |  5 Pagesof people. However, Japan’s population have been declining ever since their economy start growing. When it comes to infant mortality rate, Japan come in second to last place. It is rank 227 out of 228 with 2.04 per 1,000 births. Aside from infant mortality, mortality rate come in second, with the life expectancy of 88.52 years for female and male at 81.66 years according to the website GEOBA.se. Furthermore, the growth rate is not increasing but is decreasing instead of a rate of -0.16 percent (TheRead MoreWhy Is Japan’S Population Starting To Plunge?. My Research1902 Words   |  8 PagesWhy Is Japan’s Population Starting To Plunge? My research topic was about Japan’s population but more importantly, it was about Japan’s fertility rate and why it was dropping so dramatically. The questions that needed to be answer for this topic was, â€Å"what’s happening with Japan’s fertility rate?†, â€Å"why is Japan’s population declining?†, and â€Å"is the fertility rate dropping low due to work?†. The answer to these questions in general is that Japan’s fertility rate has been dropping for the past fewRead MoreJapans Economic History in the Last Forty Years Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct and eventually reached number one by the late 1980s However, everything changed in the early 1990s, and Japan entered what has been described as its first lost decade (Kuepper, n.d.). Economists and historians have studied the causes for Japan’s stagnation over the past twenty years, but there are significantly different opinions regarding the issue. Most agree that the huge asset ‘bubble’ was the cause for the initial stagnation, but they disagree as to the reasons for why this persistsRead MoreThe Population Of Japan And Its Effects On The Present Leading Into The Future3978 Words   |  16 Pagesone of the most prominent countries in the world socially, culturally, and economically, its population is on a decline. Like many developed countries, many of them are following the same trend. Developing countries on the other hand have birth rates that still continue to go up. The concern is on how a declining birth rate in Japan is so severe. With a death rate higher than the birth rate contributes to a declining population that has never been seen before in its society. As of today, the Japan hasRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Japan1631 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesimporter and exporter. According to the Foreign Commonwealth Office, three-quarters of Japan’s total economic output relies on the service sector. When considering major industries such as retailing, banking, transportation and telecommunications, Japan is seen as a top provider. The major company influencers are companies like Mitsubishi UFJ, NTT, TEPCO, Japan Airlines, etc.  Japan has a low unemployment rate of about 4% and a 65.9 million labor force with only 17% below the poverty line. In 2014

Schemas Psychology and Social Cognition - 1582 Words

Schema Theory 1. Introduction A schema contains both abstract knowledge and speciï ¬ c examples about a particular social object. It ‘provides hypotheses about incoming stimuli, which includes plans for interpreting and gathering schema-related information. Schemas therefore give us some sense of prediction and control of the social world. They guide what we attend to, what we perceive, what we remember and what we infer. All schemas appear to serve similar functions – they all inï ¬â€šuence the encoding (taking in and interpretation) of new information, memory for old information and inferences about missing information. Not only are schemas functional, but they are also essential to our well-being. A dominant theme in social cognition†¦show more content†¦2. Stereotypes schemas is the concepts and assumptions about particular groups of people – e.g., your concepts of gender (gender schemas); older generations; foreigners; bankers; businessmen; professors; etc. 3. Self-schemas ar e the concept of your own self, which consists of different sub-schemas for different aspects of your identity, and for different social roles and situations. Self-schemas are cognitive representations about us that organize and process related information (Markus, 1977). They develop from self-descriptions and traits that are salient and important to our self-concept. They can be described as components of self-concept that are central to our identity and self-deï ¬ nition. E.g. people who value independence highly are said to be self-schematic. 4. Role schemas concepts of proper behaviors or expected behavior in given situations. Different self-schemas become activated depending on the changing situations and contexts in which we ï ¬ nd ourselves (Markus amp; Kunda, 1986; Markus amp; Wurf, 1987). You will have schemas for your real self and also for your ‘ideal’ and ‘ought’ selves (Higgins, 1987). The process of categorization is central to schema theory and to other theoretical approaches. Borrowed from cognitive psychology and the pioneering work of Eleanor Rosch, the process of categorization refers to how we identify stimuli and group them as members of one category,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Social Cognition - Psychology1410 Words   |  6 PagesTerm Paper: Social Cognition Table of Contents: Social Cognition: A science The psychological definitions Breakdown of social psychology Relations to other corresponding theories The theory of social cognition Incorporating stereotypes Schemata Cultural social cognition Holistic thinking Social cognitive neuroscience A personality in jeopardy Social Cognition Social cognition is the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing, of information in the brain. 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As I began explaining the differences to him, I quickly remembered going through a similar journey of confusion, clarity, more confusion and then finally conceptually understanding the differences and similarities betweenRead Moreconsumer1670 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY NAME: CHARLES NYUNGU REGISTRATION NUMBER: R115700F PROGRAM: H.P.S III COURSE: CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY LECTURER: MR MATIKA ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Scan three adverts from a magazine or newspaper and outline the advertisement‘s effects on your affect, cognition and behaviour. DUE DATE: 24TH MARCH 2014 Advertising plays a pivotal role in the lives of consumers. Advertising moulds the attitudes of the person as well asRead MoreGeorge Kellys Philosophical Theory 1400 Words   |  6 Pagesto Kelly, we will have developed a very complex model of the world and our place in it. Kelly believed a person’s conscious thoughts, feelings and personal experiences defined their personality. According to Kelly, an individual’s experiences and cognition, results in what he termed â€Å"personal constructs.† A person’s constructs represent the view one has constructed about the world as they have experienced it (Pervin, et. al., 2010). The following is how I interpret and apply Kelly’s theory to Jane’sRead More Piaget and Vygotsky: The Psychology of Cognitive Development1701 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay concerns the psychology of cognitive development. Cognitive development can be explained in terms of the acquisition, construction and progressive change in thought processes such as memory, problem-solving and decision-making that occurs from chi ldhood to adulthood (in Smith, P.K., Cowie, H Blades, M. 2003). Major pioneers in this area and whose work has been the foundation of much research in cognitive psychology are among Jean Piaget’s (1926) and Lev Vygotksy’s (1978). 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Accounting information system Example

Essays on Accounting information system Admission/Application Essay ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM Number: 3 Revenue cycle The revenue cycle for the Boat retail company entails the process of order processing, billing, and shipping. The customer makes a request in form of an inquiry to the sales department. The sales clerk then responds with the confirmation of availability of products. The client then makes a purchase for the specific items. The sales clerk processes the order and issues an invoice to the client. The client makes payment based on the invoice and the items are shipped to him. The accounts clerk does the billing and issues the client with a bill of the items. He also processes the payments and issues a receipt. The receipt of payment is used by the sales clerk to prepare the delivery statement that is used to ship the items purchased by the customer. These processes and the various actors are depicted in the following diagrams figure 1) context diagram and figure 2) Level 0 data flow diagram. Additionally the flow of the documents through the revenue cycle is illustrated in the document flowchart in figure 3. Figure 1:Context diagram Figure 2: Level 0 Data Flow Diagram Document Flowchart. As described above, the customer makes an inquiry to the sales department. The sales person then responds to the inquiry. This allows the customer to make a purchase order for the items that they need. The sales person proceses the order and issues a an invoice; the invoice is forwarded to the customer by the billing department. After that the customer makes payment for the products and the products are shipped to them together with the payment receipt and the delivery note. The documents that are created in this cycle include; request statement, invoice, delivery note and the payment receipt. The diagram below depicts this flow. 4.0 Database and file structure The database created has four tables including Customer, purchase Orders, Invoices and Inventory. These tables are used to store the records that are needed for the revenue cycle to be complete. The screenshots for the database that is designed in Microsoft Access are shown below. Customer table Customer Id is the primary key that uniquely identifies the customer. The other fields include name, address; contact number, email address and the credit card number; Purchase order; Details entered by the sales person when the customer makes a purchase order. The Order_Id is the primary key for this table; Inventory table Shows the items that are in the inventory. The Item_code acts as the primary key uniquely identifying the products in the inventory. Invoice table Stores all the invoices of orders made by the customer; Invoice No is the primary key; 5.0 Screens and Reports Screens and reports are necessary since they provide an interface through which the users of the database can easily input and view records and data stored in the database. the use of screens and reports enhances efficiency and accuracy in the access to the database, data entry and output of information from the database. Additionally, the use of reports provides summarized data that is easy to interpret hence necessary for provision of summarised data for decision making. The essential screens and reports are shown below: Customer entry screen: Purchase order entry screen Customer Invoice Reports Inventory report Customer purchase order Report Invoice reports Reference Hall, James. 2011. Information Technology Auditing. Mason, OH: South- Western Cengage Learning. Hilty, Lorenz, Eberhard K. Geifert, and Rene Treibert. 2005. Information System for Sustainable Development. London, U.K.: Idea Group Inc. Roger, Chiang, Siau Keng, and Hardgrave Bill. Systems Analysis and Design: Techniques, Methodologies, Approaches, and Architectures. M.E. Sharpe, 2009. Shtub, Avraham, and Reuven Karni. 2010. ERP: The Dynamics of Supply Chain and Process Management. New York, NY: Springer Science. Accounting Information System Example Essays on Accounting Information System Essay ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM Accounting Information Systems Question a. What is SAP what is its significance in Australia? SAP is a business management software. As a matter of fact it is the leader in terms of market as well as technology, among all existing business management software. SAP provides very comprehensive business software via the SAP services, applications and support. b. Provide a brief history of SAP and its relation to ERP and AIS. SAP AG Company was founded in June of the year 1972. It is a German company with regional offices worldwide. The founders were former engineers at IBM in Mannheim. It was later to change to â€Å"Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing†. SAP launched its first application, the SAP R/1 solution. Then in the year 1979; six years after launching SAP R/1, SAP R/2 was launched. Several improvements of the solution were soon to follow then in the 1990s, SAP launched SAP R/3 which also underwent several improvements and changes between 1992 through to the year 1995. Question 2: Referring to the VDO case study on the Canada Post, please answer the following questions a. Provide a summary of the company background The company is called Canada Post; it is Canada’s postal service company. It is a group of companies which includes Pure Later Carrier Company, Progistics, IntelCon, and Noble Post. The company represents about 6 billion dollars in revenue. The company has about 66000 employees (Turner Weickgenannt, 2009). b. Identify and discuss the 5 strategic objectives of the company To be a world leader in providing innovative, physical and electronic delivery solutions creating value for all of its customers, employees and all Canadians. To defend its current business – this is in order to deal with the competitive threats, among them, the electronic mailing services, new delivery companies coming in, and so on. To achieve operational excellence through its business. To make employees, a competitive advantage. Presently they are not a competitive advantage. To enhance its corporate equity. Canada Post has very strong brand presence in Canada. The strategic objectives include: To have a customer driven vision and capability To have timely response to the customers Cost reduction in all of the administrative areas To leverage its distribution network To get its network expanded to the united states and the rest of the world To mobilize the post to occupy a larger share of the distribution market c. Identify and discuss 5 challenges that the company is experiencing and 5 opportunities that can be achieved by using SAP Challenges i. Shareholders are asking for more profits ii. The expense to make the changes to other legacy systems was not working iii. Fuel prices were rocketing iv. Deregulation which is happening in other posts around the world v. Employees are asking for more; the work culture is changing Opportunities i. Technology is changing ii. Globalization iii. What their customers are asking for iv. The need to have a relationship with more of the one million customers it is in contact with than the mere 100000 of them presently. v. Competition d. Identify the SAP solutions and services that the company uses Sales Application Procurement management system and supply chain manager Finance management system Customer and employee facing interfacing has been changed The company has put around HR and Procurement under the SAP R/3 implementation. There are automated shipping tools on the front end so that customers can give data electronically e. Explain 4 motivations in implementing SAP There is an executive steering committee that oversees the change management processes. The company is continually working on improvement. The need to manage people and processes well Changing of the organization from a functional based organization to a process based organization. Most of the teams in the change process were working with 98% of the Canada Post employees to manage the change process. f. Describe 5 benefits of SAP to the company An internally trained work force Reengineering of about 700 processes Procurement processes have been automated and are now electronic in nature. Innovative business processes have been put in place The company has a very business oriented web site that is well integrated with all the other applications of SAP that the company uses. References Gelinas, U., 2011. Accounting Information Systems. New York: Cengage Learning. Investopedia, 2012. Accounting Information System. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/accounting-information-system-AIS.asp" \l "axzz1tntMBBlt" http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/accounting-information-system-AIS.asp#axzz1tntMBBlt [Accessed 3 May 2012]. Marshall, R. Paul, J., 2009. Accounting Information Systems. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Turner, L. Weickgenannt, A., 2009. Accounting Information Systems: Controls and Processes. New York: Wiley. Accounting information system Example Essays on Accounting information system Assignment FRAUD AND FRAUDULENT ACTIVITIES By of the of the School Fraud and fraudulent Activities One of the articles on fraud and fraudulent activities was published on ABC news website in which the ex-CEO of Healthsouth Corporation which is based in Birmingham Alabama was ordered by the state court judge to pay the firm’s shareholders a sum of $3Billion U.S dollars. Mr. Richard Scrushy was sued by the shareholders for accounting fraud which had been committed during his term in office. The judge, Mr. Allwin Horn argued that the fraud committed by the former CEO almost sent the company into bankruptcy despite being acquitted earlier in a federal criminal case o the same nature in which he pleaded not guilty. Mr. Scrushy was accused of unethical dealings by the Alabama suit which he committed at the time when the firm was undergoing broke and complicity in $2.6 billion in fraudulent dealings. The shareholders wanted him to pay for the amount including that which he had taken for his personal gain. Mr. Scrushy denied any involvement in the act and that he had not sought to have the accounting books manipulated in his favour. Five former finance officers of the company testified against thus implicating him further over the scheme that was aimed at defrauding the company. In his defense, he blamed the former finance chiefs of having personal weaknesses as well as grudge against him (REZAEE, Z., RILEY, R. 2011). The events at the Healthsouth took place in the year 2002 in which the company’s CEO allegedly instructed the company’s accountants to inflate the earnings by $1.4 Billion so as to create a good impression of the company in a bid to win over the confidence of the shareholders and other stakeholders. This constituted an accounting fraud which arises when accounting books of records have been manipulated in favour of some parties in the company. Such kind of fraud can be prevented by adopting a strong system of internal controls such as developing checks and balances that will ensure that no single individual has control over all forms of financial transactions (ALBRECHT, W. S. 2012). Preparation of fiscal policies and procedures involving purchasing guidelines, petty cash management, use of firms’ assets and managing conflict of interest will greatly help handling such frauds. Proper implementation of an Accounting Information System can greatly help in controllin g such fraud since it automate and streamline the entire system thus ensuring timely reporting (HALL, J. A. 2013). The second case of fraud and fraudulent activity was published in 26th May 2010 on the examiner.com website about Humboldt Creamery in which the former CEO pleaded guilty of committing financial-statement fraud. The former CEO Richard Ghilarducci admitted that in the years 2007 and 2008 he had provided false financial information with an intention of availing a favourable financial picture of the company so that the firm will receive an extension of an existing loan from its key financiers such as the CoBank and the Agricultural credit bank. In his defense, he said that his intention was not bent on benefiting him as an individual, a claim that was proved to be true, but he intended to save the current credit position of the company. Several farmers who had filed the suit argued that the events that had transpired under the watch of the CEO had impacted negatively on the image of the creamery making many resulting in many people loosing trust in the firm. One of the most notable farmers was Mr. Dennis Leonardi who claimed that the Mr. Ghilarducci’s actions had forced him to take up a seven year loan so as to keep his own farm solvent. The actions of the former CEO however violated the Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1014, which prohibited false financial statements directed to the Agricultural Credit Banks. He therefore faces a sentence of not more than thirty years imprisonment and a fine of about $1 million. The financial statement fraud committed by the former CEO led to wrong representation of the financial position of the company in-terms of its asset thus portraying a false positive image of the firm (HALL, J. A., HALL, J. A. 2011). One of the means of mitigating such kind of fraud is to ensure proper auditing of the firm’s financial records from time to time basis by external auditors as well developing stronger internal control systems that will allow order in the company’s operations (ZACK, G. M. 2013). Bibliography ZACK, G. M. (2013). Financial statement fraud: strategies for detection and investigation. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons. REZAEE, Z., RILEY, R. (2011). Financial Statement Fraud Defined. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons, Inc. http://www.SLQ.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=456006. HALL, J. A. (2013). Accounting information systems. Mason, OH, South-Western Cengage Learning. ALBRECHT, W. S. (2012). Fraud examination. Mason, OH, South Western, Cengage Learning. HALL, J. A., HALL, J. A. (2011). Information technology auditing and assurance. Mason, Ohio, Thomson/South-Western. http://www.examiner.com/article/humboldt-creamery-s-ex-ceo-pleads-guilty-to-financial-statement-fraud http://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=7876580

Logistic Management Singapore Food Delight Manufacturing Pte Ltd

Question: Discuss about theLogistic Managementfor Singapore Food Delight Manufacturing Pte Ltd. Answer: Introduction: This essay has been written for analyzing the effectiveness and efficiency of the aspects of purchasing management. Singapore food delight manufacturing Pte ltd has been taken consideration for this research. The main objective behind this essay is to analysis the role of purchasing management into an organization and how it impacts on the organizations cost and profit. In this essay many factors have been analyzed to check the efficiency of purchase management team and their impact over the organization and its manufacturing and other operations. Company Profile: Singapore food delight manufacturing Pte ltd is one of the most known manufacturing companies in food industry. The main product of the company is Singapore hawker. HACCP certified company for its operations and its quality. Company has introduced many new technology of cooking into the market. The main vision of the company is to provide the best quality product to its customers in cheap price. Company believes to provide the happiness into small boxes in which the food of the company is packed. Company uses the best of the technology to meet the goals and objectives of the organization. The technique of inventory management, order cycle, order quantity etc is quite competitive of Singapore food delight manufacturing Pte ltd. The main target market of the company is local market where the company supplies the fresh product to its customer is such a packaging that the product could be fresh for a long period. Company offers frozen food to its customer which could even eat directly by the consumers. Company is planning new strategies to grab the more market by offering the best quality product to its customers (Ponomarov Holcomb, 2009). SFD is the only company of Singapore which produces such food products with the authentic taste. Company has launched many new products like chicken rice, nasal briyani, chicken briyani, laksa, carrot cake etc. Purchasing Goals of Singapore Food Delight Manufacturing Pte Ltd: Every company has some purchasing goals to accomplish the organizational goal. It is required for every manufacturing company to establish some goals of purchasing the raw material as this is the main element of the manufacturing process (Jttner, 2005). Company must set the goal such as purchasing the best quality product in cheapest price, bargain with supplier, identify the best supplier into the market, purchase only required product, and manage a list of all the required product and their frequency of requirement. At Singapore food delight manufacturing Pte ltd (SFD) the purchasing goals are as follows: Quality of raw material: The main goal of the company is to buy the best quality of raw material such as spices, rice, chicken, flour etc. SFD could only provide the best quality product to its consumer, if it too gets the best quality of raw products (Carter Liane Easton, 2011). Get the order on time: It is crucial for every manufacturing company to get the order on time. If a company fails to get the material on time, than the production of company could stop which would lead the company on a great. Maintain the right supply of raw products: The crucial goal of SFD is maintaining the supply of raw products in concern of quantity, quality and value. Minimize the operational money: The other goal of the company is minimizing the operational cost by ordering the product at the right time and from the nearest supplier. Competitive: Company focuses on be competitive. So that it can take a step further from its competitors. SFD also focus to competitive factor while purchasing the raw products. Reliability on suppliers: Company takes care about the suppliers and relies on them to accomplish and meet the objectives and goals of the company. Value of material: The crucial goal of the company is minimizing the cost. For it company analyzes that the purchased product is of worth or not. Efficiency and Effectiveness: Efficiency and Effectiveness is the main goal. The raw products must be efficient and must be effective. Cost Saving: Company focuses on saving the cost by using many technologies and other accounting and logistic technique. Strategic relationship with suppliers: The goal of maintain relationship with supplier helps the company in retaining the best supplier for a long period. Thus, the purchasing goals of SFD is quite competitive and company is mangling on its fullest to meet all the objectives so that company can save the cost and can provide the best quality products to its consumer for grabbing more market and satisfy the customer to enhance the goodwill in the market. Supplier Selection Criteria and Issues: For meeting the purchasing goals of the company, the main aspect of the company is to choose the best supplier. Only a good supplier could help the company in meeting all its objectives and goals. The supplier selection criteria of SFD are based on the old technique. Company doesnt take the suppliers selection seriously (Van Weele, 2009). So following are some suggestions to the SFD to follow while choosing the supplier. So that company could fulfill all the objectives and goals. Recommendation to SFD to Select the Suppliers: Selecting the supplier is a crucial part of every manufacturing company. Suppliers are those who supply the raw material goods to manufacturing company. The SFD is suggested to apply the following criteria while choosing the suppliers: Identify the suppliers: ompany must analyze all the key suppliers of raw material and must analyze according to the requirement of the company. SFD must analyze all the suppliers which are nearest to it and identify that how much of them could help the company to achieve its final goal (Zsidisin Siferd, 2001). Measuring the performance of suppliers: SFD must measure the performance of every identified supplier and must find out that which supplier is giving the best performance in delivering the material at right time, in right quantity and in cheap price. Company could take the help of an auditor to analyze all the factors about the supplier company. Gaining the feedback of suppliers: Another tool, SFD could use to identify the best supplier is gaining the feedback from supplier itself. For it, company could ask the supplier to fill a self assessment questionnaire. It could help the company in analyzing the performance of the supplier company (Gelderman Semeijn, 2006). Achieving certification: Certification could also help the company to identify the best supplier and take the help of those suppliers for a long time. Certification could be provided by the companies to each other according to the relations and behavior. Developing partnerships: A strategic partnership could also help the SFD in managing the best relationship with the suppliers and ask them to provide the best quality product in a economic price. Ensuring the quality of material for the consumers: While choosing the best supplier for the company, SFD must analyze that the chosen supplier would provide the best quality product which would help the company in becoming more competitive (Fawcett, Magnan McCarter, 2008). Thus SFD must follow the above mentioned recommendations to choose the best supplier which could provide the company best quality product in economic price. Decisions: Many issues could be faced by the company while choosing the best supplier such as: Pricing Problem No guarantee of Services Quality Issues Competition No delivery on time (Gelderman Weele, 2002) Thus, the above mentioned issues could be face by the company. For sort out these problems, SFD must use the following techniques: Analyze all the suppliers services and chose the best among them Take the help of secondary data to identify the suppliers goodwill and services Company could conduct a research to analyze the cost and can opt the most economic cost (Miles Snow, 2007) SFD must use accounting technique and take the help of exports to identify the price and quality of the raw material. ICT for Purchasing Operations: The purchasing goals of SFD are quite competitive. But according to a research it has been found that company could enhance the capabilities more and could achieve the goal easily, if it chooses the information, communication and technology in it. For meeting the purchasing goals of the company, ICT plays an important role. Due to it, SFD not only can enhance the capabilities but even can reduce the expenses also. The technologies and techniques used in the company are quite old (Sachan Datta, 2005). So following are some suggestions to the SFD to follow while implementing the new techniques. So that company could fulfill all the objectives and goals. Recommendation to SFD to Implement New Technology: It is recommended to SFD to make some changes in existing technologies and communication technology so that company could achieve the goals more efficiently. Following are some changes which company could implement in the operations of the company to make some better changes. Company could take the help of many existing software in the market of logistics and supply chain management. Company could take the help of technology to communicate the requirement of raw product and order of that. Company could implement the new technology into the warehouse and factory so that manger could analysis that when to order the new material (Shepherd Gnter, 2006). Company could use the accounting software and technique to analysis the order cycle and could order the material according to that. Company could analysis the logistic through technology and can plan the purchasing according to that. Purchasing Cost Analysis: The purchasing goals of SFD are quite competitive. But according to the analysis it has been found that company could reduce the purchasing cost more and enhance the capabilities more and could achieve the goal easily, if it focuses on reduction of extra expenses occur while ordering the new lot (Zhao, Flynn Roth, 2007). For meeting the purchasing goals of the company, cost plays the most crucial role. Due to it, SFD not only can enhance the capabilities but even can reduce the expenses also. So following are some suggestions to the SFD to follow for reducing the cost of purchase. So that company could fulfill all the objectives and goals. Recommendation to SFD to Implement New Technology: It is recommended to SFD to make some changes in existing method of reducing the cost and making control over the cost so that company could achieve the goals more efficiently. Following are some changes which company could change in reducing the cost of the company and enhance the profitability. Company must place the new order according to the order cycle. Company must purchase the raw material from the nearest supplier to reduce the transport cost. Company must focus over the wearing and tearing charges and should work to reduce it (Stock, Boyer Harmon, 2010). Company must use the communication technology to place the order so that supplier could held be responsible in case of any failure. Company must maintain the best relationship with suppliers to get some offer. Company must make control over loading, unloading and warehouse charges. Conclusion: It can be concluded through this study that purchasing management is a main part of logistic management. It has been analyzed through this study that Singapore food delight manufacturing pte ltd is one of the growing companies in local market. The company has used best of the technologies to accomplish and meet the objectives and goals of purchasing management of the company. It has been found that if company opts and makes changes in some of the using techniques; it could enhance its profitability and could deliver the more qualitative food to the consumers in economic price. 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